Watermarks in the Attribution and Dating of Graphic Works

DOI: 10.33876/2311-0546/2026-1/203-211

Authors

  • Arina Smirnova A. N. Kosygin Russian State University (Technology. Design. Art)

Keywords:

watermarks, filigree, attribution, dating, graphics, paper production

Abstract

The article focuses on the role of watermarks in attributing and dating of graphic artworks. Watermarks serve as an important tool for determining the time of creation and authenticity of artworks, as well as for establishing their authorship and geographical origin. The primary objective of the study is to explore the use of watermarks for dating and attributing graphic works, and to examine the symbolic meaning of these marks in artists' works. The article discusses the history of papermaking and the first watermarks in Europe and Russia, analyzing the technological aspects of their production and application. It examines the role of watermarks in art historical research and their use in dating and verifying the authenticity of artworks, using examples from the works of Albrecht Dürer, Konstantin Korovin, and Zinaida Serebriakova. Modern methods of visualizing watermarks are described, including rubbing techniques, infrared photography, radiography, beta-radiography, and soft X-ray radiography, which allow for more precise documentation of watermarks. The study emphasizes the importance of systematizing and cataloging watermarks as a key tool in art history and art authentication.

Author Biography

  • Arina Smirnova, A. N. Kosygin Russian State University (Technology. Design. Art)

    Smirnova, Arina S. — Postgraduate Student, A. N. Kosygin Russian State University (Technology. Design. Art) (Moscow, Russian Federation). E-mail: arinasmirnova39@gmail.com

    For citation: Smirnova, A. S. 2026. Watermarks in the Attribution and Dating of Graphic Works. Herald of Anthropology (Vestnik Antropologii) 1: 203–211.

    References

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Published

13.03.2026

Issue

No. 1 (2026): Herald of Anthropology (Vestnik antropologii)

Section

The Anthropology of Art